Core Curriculum Requirements
The Core Foundation/Proficiency attribute search terms are:
Civic Engagement, Diversity, Ethics, Fine Arts, Natural Science, Oral Communication, Philosophy, Physics-Based Natural Science, Quantitative Reasoning, Social Science, Theology, Writing I, Writing II
To search in the Catalog for courses that meet specific Core Foundation/Proficiency attributes, there are three options:
Use the Course Filter on the Course Descriptions page. Enter your desired search term in the “Keyword or Phrase” box and check the box beneath for “Find whole word or phrase only.”
Enter the desired search term, in quotes, in the Publication Search box.
Use the Advanced Search feature of the Publication Search. Click on the Advanced Search button and type in the desired search term in the “Enter a keyword or phrase” field, check the box beneath for “Find whole word or phrase only.”, and leave only the Courses checkbox checked. This will ensure that only courses containing the desired search term show.
In addition, users may visit the Core Curriculum site for a listing of courses that have been approved for specific Core Curriculum requirements and/or search the Semester Course Offerings in CyberFriar.
Need assistance? Please contact the Office of the Registrar or 401.865.1033.
Music
MSC 242 - Symphonic Winds
1 semester, 1/2 credit- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Fine Arts
This concert ensemble is devoted to the preparation and performance of the finest traditional and contemporary literature for wind and percussion instruments. Music majors and students from other academic areas find participation in this ensemble challenging and enjoyable. Open to all students with prior instrumental background, this ensemble performs at least four concerts per year.
Opera Workshop is a large ensemble that introduces students to the process of preparation for the performance of musical drama. Through work on scenes from serious and light operas, students gain experience in musical preparation, the development of dramatic characterization, stage movement, blocking, and so forth. Scenes are performed in concert at the end of the semester.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
MSC 250 - 278 - Applied Music II (for freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors)
1 semester, 1 1/2 credits-
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the student’s chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Prerequisite: Permission of department. Students must also register in the music department for each of the following lessons: MSC 250 Piano II, MSC 251 Jazz Piano II, MSC 252 Organ II, MSC 253 Harpsichord II, MSC 254 Voice II, MSC 255 Violin II, MSC 256 Viola II, MSC 257 Cello II, MSC 258 String Bass II, MSC 259 Flute II, MSC 260 Oboe II, MSC 261 Clarinet II, MSC 262 Bassoon II, MSC 263 Saxophone II, MSC 264 Trumpet II, MSC 265 Trombone II, MSC 266 French Horn II, MSC 267 Baritone II, MSC 268 Tuba II, MSC 269 Percussion II, MSC 270 Classical Guitar II, MSC 271 Jazz Guitar II, MSC 272 Electric Guitar II, MSC 273 Electric Bass II, MSC 275 Composition II, MSC 276 Harp II, MSC 277 Vocal Jazz II, MSC 278 Applied Lessons in Conducting II.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the students chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisite: Permission of department.
For freshman/sophomore music majors and music minors. This is the introductory level of private instruction offering a more concentrated, thorough, and technical approach to the student’s chosen instrument. There is an additional fee for these lessons.
Topics discussed in the seminar will vary from semester to semester, meeting a core requirement or proficiency. Same as HUM 279.Only open to Humanities or Music majors.
Theory III is a continuation of Theory II. Focuses on chromatic harmony: secondary function chords, mode mixing, Neapolitan chords, augmented sixth chords, and enharmonic spellings. Modulatory techniques are also studied. MSC 301L is required with this course. Prerequisite: MSC 202 or equivalent.
A continuation of Theory II Lab, covers more advanced ear-training and sight-singing materials. These include more complicated rhythmic patterns, chromaticism, longer melodic phrases, and aural recognition of a variety of harmonic progressions. This lab is required with MSC 301, Theory III.
A continuation of Theory III, focuses on analyses of formal structures, including binary and ternary forms, sonata-allegro form, variation techniques, rondo form, and 18th-century counterpoint in the form of inventions and fugues. Concludes with an overview of late 19th- and 20th-century compositional procedures. MSC 302L is required with this course. Prerequisite: MSC 301 or equivalent.
Builds upon what is covered in Theory III Lab and, in both the ear-training and sight-singing components of the course, covers more complicated rhythmic patterns, longer and more chromatic melodies, and four-part harmonic dictation. This lab is required with MSC 302, Theory IV.
An introduction to the creative process of musical composition. Students are guided to create their own works and to solve various formal and stylistic problems. Orchestration, the creation of musical scores, arranging, and music technology are addressed. Prerequisite: MSC 302 or permission of instructor.
Covers the fundamentals of choral and instrumental conducting techniques and is designed for all students interested in conducting musical ensembles. Fundamentals include basic metrical patterns, articulation, compound/mixed meter, basic score study, dynamic shading, cues, entrances, cutoffs, and uses of the left hand. All students have the opportunity to conduct several times throughout the semester. Prerequisite: MSC 202.
Primarily designed for music majors preparing for Piano Proficiency. Students must have completed Piano Class I or higher to be eligible. Emphasis will be placed on developing sight-reading ability, strengthening the student’s piano technique, improving musical styles and interpretation, and keyboard harmony. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor.
1 semester, 3 credits- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Fine Arts
An exploration of music history and literature in Western culture from antiquity through the Renaissance. Includes class work, readings from primary and secondary sources, score reading and listening assignments, which focus on representative composers and works from each period. Students are expected to understand, analyze, and identify various specific features related to musical styles. Prerequisites: MSC 202 or permission of the instructor.
1 semester, 3 credits- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Writing II
Through primary and secondary sources, this course explores the history and literature of music in Western culture from the Baroque and the Classical periods (1600-1800). Class work and listening assignments focus on representative works and composers from each period. Students will be expected to understand, analyze, and identify through listening exercises and score reading various musical features related to musical styles. Prerequisites: MSC 202 or permission of the instructor.
Through primary and secondary sources, this course explores the history and literature of music in Western culture from the Romantic and Modern periods (from 1800). Class work and listening assignments focus on representative works and composers from each period. Students will be expected to understand, analyze, and identify- through listening exercises and score reading-various features relating to musical styles. Prerequisites: MSC 202 or permission of the instructor.
1 semester, 3 credits- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Fine Arts
Study of world music wherein students investigate factors related to world musical practices. Students learn about methodologies culminating in a presentation of their research on music practiced locally.
MSC 330 - Teaching General Music in Elementary School
1 semester, 3 credits-
Designed to acquaint the music education student with a variety of instructional approaches, materials, and activities for the elementary general music program, based on a conceptual, developmental understanding of musical learning. Curriculum, classroom management, organization, and appropriate teaching strategies will be considered.
Introduces the music education student to various pragmatic approaches to becoming an exemplary secondary music teacher. The student studies and demonstrates rehearsal techniques, score preparation, knowledge of repertoire, methods of selecting appropriate works, and group vocal techniques. Long-range planning, budget preparations, evaluations, concert planning, and public relations also are considered.
MSC 332 - Teaching Music in Secondary School: Instrumental
1 semester, 3 credits-
This music education class covers techniques of teaching instrumental music primarily in the secondary school. Some middle school techniques will be included as well as strategies for secondary general music.
Covers the basic techniques of teaching and playing brass and percussion instruments. The following will be covered: fundamentals of tone production, fingering, teaching materials, pedagogy, and use of these instruments in bands, orchestras, and chamber music.
Covers the basic techniques of teaching and playing woodwind instruments. The following will be covered: fundamentals of tone production, fingering, teaching materials, pedagogy, and use of woodwind instruments in bands, orchestras, and chamber music.
Covers the basic techniques of teaching and playing string instruments, including: fundamentals of tone production, fingering, teaching materials, pedagogy, and use of string instruments in orchestra and chamber music.
1 semester, 1/2 credit- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Fine Arts
This large ensemble performs jazz from all style periods as well as repertoires composed for large and small groups. All instrumentalists and singers interested in jazz are welcome but should consult the instructor before enrolling. Students will rehearse for a total of three hours per week and perform once each semester.
1 semester, 1/2 credit- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Fine Arts
A large select ensemble, this mixed voice chorale serves as the touring choir along with I Cantori. Concert Chorale performs both major works and repertoire of many styles including traditional and multicultural music.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
MSC 350 - 378 - Applied Music III (for junior/senior music majors)
1 semester, 1 1/2 credits-
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department. Students must also register in the music department for each of the following lessons: MSC 350 Piano III, MSC 351 Jazz Piano III, MSC 352 Organ III, MSC 353 Harpsichord III, MSC 354 Voice III, MSC 355 Violin III, MSC 356 Viola III, MSC 357 Cello III, MSC 358 String Bass III, MSC 359 Flute III, MSC 360 Oboe III, MSC 361 Clarinet III, MSC 362 Bassoon III, MSC 363 Saxophone III, MSC 364 Trumpet III, MSC 365 Trombone III, MSC 366 French Horn III, MSC 367 Baritone III, MSC 368 Tuba III, MSC 369 Percussion III, MSC 370 Classical Guitar III, MSC 371 Jazz Guitar III, MSC 372 Electric Guitar III, MSC 373 Electric Bass III, MSC 375 Composition III, MSC 376 Harp III, MSC 377 Vocal Jazz II, MSC 378 Applied Lessons in Conducting III.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons. Students must register in the music department. Prerequisites: Applied Music II and permission of department.
For junior/senior music majors. A music major is expected to advance to this level of private instruction as a junior and senior. This upper-division applied study will assist in the preparation for the senior recital/project. There is an additional fee for these lessons.
Groups of three to eight players; can include string quartet, woodwind quintet, brass quintet, flute quartet, piano and other trios, or any combination of players. Audition and permission of appropriate instructor required.
Small group jazz for rhythm section and winds. Groups may cover music of any jazz style period: New Orleans, swing, bebop, cool school, hard bop, modal, fusion, or modern. Audition and permission of instructor required.
In this ensemble, vocal and instrumental students will have the opportunity to explore and perform a wide variety of repertoire from the Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical periods. Compositions will be chosen based on the instruments and voices of the students who register for the ensemble. Audition or permission of the instructor required.
1 semester, 1/2 credit- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Fine Arts
This small, auditioned, mixed chorus is Providence College’s premiere choral ensemble, used both on and off campus when ambassadors of choral music are needed. This group performs a wide assortment of sacred and secular literature appropriate for the chamber ensemble.
Concentrates on a specific topic, announced in advance, and offers an intensive study of some major composers or important historical development in music. Research techniques are also emphasized. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor.
Each music major is expected to complete either a senior recital or senior project during the senior year. This requirement is overseen by the department chairperson and a particular faculty advisor, and must be successfully completed for graduation as a music major.
MSC 499 - Student Teaching in Elementary and Secondary Schools
1 semester, 12 credits- Core Foundation/Proficiency: Oral Communication
Involves a semester of teaching music in elementary and secondary schools under the joint supervision of cooperating teachers and a College supervisor. Seminar meetings will be held weekly.
Covers major aspects of physics by the use of ten of the most important experiments that have been performed from antiquity through the twentieth century. The subjects covered are astronomy and cosmology, mechanics and dynamics, electromagnetism and light, structure of matter and quantum mechanics. Other subjects such as relativity theory, nuclear fission and fusion will be discussed as time permits.
Deals with principles of cell biology, genetics, and evolution at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. Wherever possible, the emphasis will be placed on human biology, and current developments in these areas will be examined. The emphasis on evolution as the unifying principle in all the biological sciences will be stressed throughout the course.
An introduction to identifying, analyzing, and evaluating arguments. Topics may include: paraphrasing arguments, informal fallacies, and Aristotelian categoricallogic. Open to freshmen and sophomores only.